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      This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year. | 
   
  
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        | Afghanistan
          
      
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      arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers 
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        | Akrotiri
          
      
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      temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters 
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        | Albania
          
      
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      mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter 
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        | Algeria
          
      
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      arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer 
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        | American Samoa
          
      
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      tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation 
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        | Andorra
          
      
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      temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers 
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        | Angola
          
      
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      semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) 
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        | Anguilla
          
      
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      tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds 
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        | Antarctica
          
      
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      severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing 
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        | Arctic Ocean
          
      
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      polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow 
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        | Argentina
          
      
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      mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest 
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        | Armenia
          
      
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      highland continental, hot summers, cold winters 
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        | Aruba
          
      
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      tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation 
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        | Atlantic Ocean
          
      
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      tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cabo Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November 
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        | Australia
          
      
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      generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north 
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        | Austria
          
      
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      temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers 
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        | Bahamas, The
          
      
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      tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream 
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        | Bahrain
          
      
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      arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers 
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        | Bangladesh
          
      
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      tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) 
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        | Barbados
          
      
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      tropical; rainy season (June to October) 
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        | Belarus
          
      
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      cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime 
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        | Belgium
          
      
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      temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy 
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        | Belize
          
      
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      tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May) 
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        | Benin
          
      
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      tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north 
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        | Bermuda
          
      
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      subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter 
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        | Bhutan
          
      
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      varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas 
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        | Bolivia
          
      
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      varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid 
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        | Bosnia and Herzegovina
          
      
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      hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast 
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        | Botswana
          
      
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      semiarid; warm winters and hot summers 
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        | Brazil
          
      
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      mostly tropical, but temperate in south 
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        | Brunei
          
      
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      tropical; hot, humid, rainy 
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        | Bulgaria
          
      
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      temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers 
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        | Burma
          
      
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      tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) 
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        | Burundi
          
      
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      equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January) 
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        | Cabo Verde
          
      
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      temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic 
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        | Cambodia
          
      
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      tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation 
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        | Cameroon
          
      
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      varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north 
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        | Canada
          
      
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      varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north 
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        | Cayman Islands
          
      
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      tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) 
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        | Chad
          
      
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      tropical in south, desert in north 
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        | Chile
          
      
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      temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south 
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        | China
          
      
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      extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north 
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        | Christmas Island
          
      
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      tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds 
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        | Clipperton Island
          
      
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      tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, wet season (May to October) 
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        | Cocos (Keeling) Islands
          
      
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      tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year 
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        | Colombia
          
      
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      tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands 
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        | Comoros
          
      
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      tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) 
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        | Congo, Democratic Republic of the
          
      
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      tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October) 
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        | Congo, Republic of the
          
      
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      tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator 
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        | Cook Islands
          
      
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      tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March 
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        | Costa Rica
          
      
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      tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands 
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        | Cote d'Ivoire
          
      
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      tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October) 
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        | Croatia
          
      
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      Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast 
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        | Cuba
          
      
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      tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) 
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        | Curacao
          
      
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      tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 600 mm/year 
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        | Cyprus
          
      
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      temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters 
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        | Denmark
          
      
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      temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers 
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        | Dhekelia
          
      
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      temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters 
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        | Dominica
          
      
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      tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall 
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        | Dominican Republic
          
      
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      tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall 
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        | Ecuador
          
      
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      tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands 
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        | Egypt
          
      
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      desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters 
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        | El Salvador
          
      
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      tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands 
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        | Eritrea
          
      
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      hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands 
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        | Estonia
          
      
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      maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers 
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        | Ethiopia
          
      
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      tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation 
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        | European Union
          
      
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      cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south 
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        | Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
          
      
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      cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate 
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        | Faroe Islands
          
      
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      mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy 
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        | Fiji
          
      
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      tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation 
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        | Finland
          
      
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      cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes 
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        | France
          
      
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        metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral 
       
      
        French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation 
       
      
        Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average 
       
      
        Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) 
       
      
        Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April) 
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        | French Southern and Antarctic Lands
          
      
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        Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity 
       
      
        Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy 
       
      
        Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy 
       
      
        Iles Eparses: tropical 
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        | Gabon
          
      
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      tropical; always hot, humid 
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        | Gambia, The
          
      
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      tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) 
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        | Gaza Strip
          
      
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      temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers 
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        | Georgia
          
      
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      warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast 
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        | Germany
          
      
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      temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind 
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        | Ghana
          
      
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      tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north 
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        | Gibraltar
          
      
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      Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers 
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        | Greece
          
      
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      temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers 
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        | Greenland
          
      
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      arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters 
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        | Grenada
          
      
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      tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds 
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        | Guam
          
      
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      tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation 
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        | Guatemala
          
      
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      tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands 
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        | Guernsey
          
      
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      temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast 
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        | Guinea
          
      
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      generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds 
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        | Guinea-Bissau
          
      
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      tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds 
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        | Guyana
          
      
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      tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January) 
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        | Haiti
          
      
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      tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds 
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        | Honduras
          
      
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      subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains 
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        | Hong Kong
          
      
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      subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall 
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        | Hungary
          
      
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      temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers 
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        | Iceland
          
      
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      temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers 
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        | India
          
      
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      varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north 
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        | Indian Ocean
          
      
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      northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean 
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        | Indonesia
          
      
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      tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands 
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        | Iran
          
      
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      mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast 
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        | Iraq
          
      
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      mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq 
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        | Ireland
          
      
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      temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time 
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        | Isle of Man
          
      
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      temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time 
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        | Israel
          
      
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      temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas 
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        | Italy
          
      
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      predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south 
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        | Jamaica
          
      
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      tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior 
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        | Jan Mayen
          
      
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      arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog 
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        | Japan
          
      
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      varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north 
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        | Jarvis Island
          
      
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      tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun 
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        | Jersey
          
      
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      temperate; mild winters and cool summers 
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        | Johnston Atoll
          
      
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      tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation 
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        | Jordan
          
      
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      mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) 
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        | Kazakhstan
          
      
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      continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid 
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        | Kenya
          
      
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      varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior 
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        | Kiribati
          
      
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      tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds 
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        | Korea, South
          
      
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      temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter 
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        | Kosovo
          
      
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      influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Kuwait
          
      
       | 
      dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Kyrgyzstan
          
      
       | 
      dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Laos
          
      
       | 
      tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Latvia
          
      
       | 
      maritime; wet, moderate winters 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Lebanon
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Lesotho
          
      
       | 
      temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Liberia
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Libya
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Liechtenstein
          
      
       | 
      continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Lithuania
          
      
       | 
      transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Luxembourg
          
      
       | 
      modified continental with mild winters, cool summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Macau
          
      
       | 
      subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Macedonia
          
      
       | 
      warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Madagascar
          
      
       | 
      tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Malawi
          
      
       | 
      sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Malaysia
          
      
       | 
      tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Maldives
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Mali
          
      
       | 
      subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Malta
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Marshall Islands
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Mauritius
          
      
       | 
      tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Mexico
          
      
       | 
      varies from tropical to desert 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Micronesia, Federated States of
          
      
       | 
      tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Moldova
          
      
       | 
      moderate winters, warm summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Monaco
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Mongolia
          
      
       | 
      desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Montenegro
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Montserrat
          
      
       | 
      tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Morocco
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Namibia
          
      
       | 
      desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Nauru
          
      
       | 
      tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Nepal
          
      
       | 
      varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Netherlands
          
      
       | 
      temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | New Caledonia
          
      
       | 
      tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Nicaragua
          
      
       | 
      tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Niger
          
      
       | 
      desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Nigeria
          
      
       | 
      varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Niue
          
      
       | 
      tropical; modified by southeast trade winds 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Norfolk Island
          
      
       | 
      subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Northern Mariana Islands
          
      
       | 
      tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Norway
          
      
       | 
      temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Oman
          
      
       | 
      dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Pacific Ocean
          
      
       | 
      planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Pakistan
          
      
       | 
      mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Palau
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Panama
          
      
       | 
      tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Papua New Guinea
          
      
       | 
      tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Paraguay
          
      
       | 
      subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Peru
          
      
       | 
      varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Philippines
          
      
       | 
      tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Pitcairn Islands
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Poland
          
      
       | 
      temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Portugal
          
      
       | 
      maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Puerto Rico
          
      
       | 
      tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Qatar
          
      
       | 
      arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Romania
          
      
       | 
      temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Russia
          
      
       | 
      ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Rwanda
          
      
       | 
      temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Saint Barthelemy
          
      
       | 
      tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
          
      
       | 
      
        Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds 
       
      
        Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid 
       
      
        Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Saint Kitts and Nevis
          
      
       | 
      tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Saint Lucia
          
      
       | 
      tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season January to April, rainy season May to August 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Saint Martin
          
      
       | 
      temperature averages 80-85 degrees all year long; low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers; hurricane season stretches from July to November 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Samoa
          
      
       | 
      tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | San Marino
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Saudi Arabia
          
      
       | 
      harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Senegal
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Serbia
          
      
       | 
      in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Seychelles
          
      
       | 
      tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Sierra Leone
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Singapore
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Sint Maarten
          
      
       | 
      tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in moderate temperatures; average rainfall of 1500 mm/year; hurricane season stretches from July to November 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Slovakia
          
      
       | 
      temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Slovenia
          
      
       | 
      Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Somalia
          
      
       | 
      principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | South Africa
          
      
       | 
      mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | South Sudan
          
      
       | 
      hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall is heaviest in the upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Southern Ocean
          
      
       | 
      sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Spain
          
      
       | 
      temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Sri Lanka
          
      
       | 
      tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Sudan
          
      
       | 
      hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Suriname
          
      
       | 
      tropical; moderated by trade winds 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Svalbard
          
      
       | 
      arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Swaziland
          
      
       | 
      varies from tropical to near temperate 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Sweden
          
      
       | 
      temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Switzerland
          
      
       | 
      temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Syria
          
      
       | 
      mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Taiwan
          
      
       | 
      tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Tajikistan
          
      
       | 
      midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Tanzania
          
      
       | 
      varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Thailand
          
      
       | 
      tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Timor-Leste
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Togo
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Tokelau
          
      
       | 
      tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Tonga
          
      
       | 
      tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Tunisia
          
      
       | 
      temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Turkey
          
      
       | 
      temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Tuvalu
          
      
       | 
      tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Uganda
          
      
       | 
      tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Ukraine
          
      
       | 
      temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | United Kingdom
          
      
       | 
      temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | United States
          
      
       | 
      mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
          
      
       | 
      
        Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun 
       
      
        Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation 
       
      
        Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 1,067 mm (42 in) of annual rainfall occurs during the winter 
       
      
        Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 4,000-5,000 mm (160-200 in) of rainfall each year 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Uruguay
          
      
       | 
      warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Uzbekistan
          
      
       | 
      mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Vanuatu
          
      
       | 
      tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Venezuela
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Vietnam
          
      
       | 
      tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Virgin Islands
          
      
       | 
      subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Wallis and Futuna
          
      
       | 
      tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | West Bank
          
      
       | 
      temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Western Sahara
          
      
       | 
      hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | World
          
      
       | 
      a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Yemen
          
      
       | 
      mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
      
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Zambia
          
      
       | 
      tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) 
         | 
         
         
        
        
        
        
       |  
      
      
      
      
        | Zimbabwe
          
      
       | 
      tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) 
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