ANGOLA - A Country Study

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• ANGOLA
• Foreword
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PREFACE
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• INTRODUCTION
• Chapter. 1. Historical Setting
  • PRECOLONIAL ANGOLA AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE
    • Kongo Kingdom
    • Ndongo Kingdom
    • The Defeat of Kongo and Ndongo
    • Matamba and Kasanje Kingdoms
    • Lunda and Chokwe Kingdoms
    • Ovimbundu and Kwanhama Kingdoms
    • The Dutch Interregnum, 1641-48
  • ANGOLA IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
    • Slave Trading in the 1700s
    • Portuguese Settlers in Angola
  • THE 1800s: TURMOIL IN PORTUGAL, REFORM AND EXPANSION IN ANGOLA
    • The Early Nineteenth Century
    • Abolition of the Slave Trade
    • Expansion and the Berlin Conference
  • SETTLEMENT, CONQUEST, AND DEVELOPMENT
    • The Demographic Situation
    • Military Campaigns
    • Administration and Development
  • ANGOLA UNDER THE SALAZAR REGIME
    • Angola under the New State
    • Salazar's Racial Politics
  • RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM
    • Roots of Discontent
    • African Associations
      • The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
      • The National Front for the Liberation of Angola
    • Organizational Weaknesses
    • Beginning of Revolution
  • ANGOLAN INSURGENCY
    • Ascendancy of the MPLA
    • Emergence of UNITA
    • Liberation Movements in Cabinda
    • Portuguese Economic Interests and Resistance to Angolan Independence
    • The Portuguese Coup d'Etat and the End of the Colonial Era
  • COALITION, THE TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT, AND CIVIL WAR
    • Foreign Intervention
    • Collapse of the Transitional Government
    • South African Intervention
  • INDEPENDENCE AND THE RISE OF THE MPLA GOVERNMENT
    • Transformation into a Marxist-Leninist Party and Internal Dissent
    • Shaba Invasion and the Nitista Plot
    • Strengthening Ties with the Soviet Union and Its Allies
    • Economic Problems and the Implementation of Socialist Policies
    • The UNITA Insurgency and the South African Threat
    • The Final Days of the Neto Regime
  • THE DOS SANTOS REGIME
    • Steps Toward a Stronger Party and Political Discord
    • The Namibia Issue and Security Threats in the 1980s
    • Second Party Congress
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • PHYSICAL SETTING
    • Terrain
    • Drainage
    • Climate
  • POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS
  • ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
    • The Definition of Ethnicity
    • Ethnolinguistic Categories
      • Ovimbundu
      • Mbundu
      • Bakongo
      • Lunda-Chokwe
      • Nganguela
      • Ovambo, Nyaneka-Humbe, Herero, and Others
      • Hunters, Gatherers, Herders, and Others
    • Mestiços
  • STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
    • Social Structure in Rural Communities
      • Ovimbundu Social Structure
      • Mbundu Social Structure
    • Social Structure in Urban Areas
    • Effects of Socialist Policies
      • Policies Affecting Rural Society
      • Policies Affecting Urban Society
    • Role of Women and Children
    • Effects of the Insurgency
  • RELIGIOUS LIFE
    • Christianity
    • Indigenous Religious Systems
  • EDUCATION
    • Conditions Before Independence
    • Conditions after Independence
    • Education in UNITA-Claimed Territory
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • BACKGROUND TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
  • STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  • ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
  • FOREIGN TRADE AND ASSISTANCE
    • Foreign Trade
    • Foreign Assistance
  • LABOR FORCE
  • EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
    • Oil
      • Postindependence Exploration and Production
      • Marketing
    • Diamonds
    • Iron Ore
    • Other Minerals
  • AGRICULTURE
    • Coffee
    • Food Crops and Livestock
    • Timber
    • Fishing
  • INDUSTRY
    • Electric Power
    • Food Processing
    • Light Industry
    • Heavy Industry
    • Construction Materials
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
    • Roads
    • Railroads
    • Ports
    • Air Transport
    • Telecommunications
  • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, FINANCES, AND FOREIGN DEBT
    • Balance of Trade and Payments
    • Finances
    • Foreign Debt
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • BACKGROUND
  • STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
    • The Constitution
    • Executive Branch
      • The President
      • Council of Ministers
      • Defense and Security Council
    • Legislative Branch
    • Judicial System
    • Local Administration
  • POPULAR MOVEMENT FOR THE LIBERATION OF ANGOLA-WORKERS' PARTY
    • Background
    • Structure
      • Political Bureau
      • Central Committee
      • Party Congress
      • Regional Organization
    • Operations
  • POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
  • MASS ORGANIZATIONS AND INTEREST GROUPS
    • Mass Organizations
      • Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Youth Movement
      • National Union of Angolan Workers
      • Organization of Angolan Women
    • Interest Groups
      • Peasant Farmers
      • Traditional Elites
      • Religious Communities
  • POLITICAL OPPOSITION
  • MASS MEDIA
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Policy Making
    • Regional Politics
      • Regional Accord
      • Relations with Other African States
    • Communist Nations
    • United States and Western Europe
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • NATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
  • EVOLUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES
    • Background
    • Independence Struggle, Civil War, and Intervention
    • The Development of FAPLA
  • ARMED FORCES
    • Constitutional and Political Context
    • Armed Forces Organization and Mission
      • Ground Forces
      • Air and Air Defense Force
      • Navy
      • Foreign Auxiliary Forces
    • Troop Strength, Recruitment, and Conscription
    • Conditions of Service, Ranks, and Military Justice
    • Foreign Influences
      • Communist Nations
      • Noncommunist Nations
    • Training
    • FAPLA's Combat Performance
  • WAR AND THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN SOCIETY
    • The Costs of Endemic Conflict
    • War and the Military in National Perspective
    • Civic Action and Veterans' Groups
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Antigovernment Opposition
    • Erstwhile Opposition: FLEC and the FNLA
    • The Enduring Rival: UNITA
      • Military Organization and Capability
      • External Support
    • Angola as a Refuge
    • Internal Security Forces and Organization
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
    • Criminal Justice System
    • Prison System
    • Incidence and Trends in Crime
    • Human Rights
• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Tables
  • Appendix B. 1988 Regional Accords
• Bibliography
• Glossary