FINLAND - A Country Study

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• Finland
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ORIGINS OF THE FINNS
  • THE ERA OF SWEDISH RULE, c. 1150-1809
    • Medieval Society and Economy
    • The Kalmar Union
    • The Reformation
    • Finland and the Swedish Empire
  • THE RUSSIAN GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND, 1809-1917
    • The Rise of Finnish Nationalism
    • Social and Economic Developments
    • The Era of Russification
  • INDEPENDENCE AND THE INTERWAR ERA, 1917-39
    • The Finnish Civil War
    • The Establishment of Finnish Democracy
    • Finnish Security Policy Between the Wars
  • WORLD WAR II, 1939-45
    • The Winter War
    • The Continuation War
    • The Lapland War
    • The Effects of the War
  • THE POSTWAR ERA
    • The Cold War and the Treaty of 1948
    • Domestic Developments and Foreign Politics, 1948-66
    • Finland in the Era of Consensus, 1966-81
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • Size, External Boundaries, and Geology
    • Landform Regions
    • Climate
  • DEMOGRAPHY
    • External Migration
    • Internal Migration
    • Urbanization
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE
    • Occupational and Wage Structure
    • Class Structure
  • FAMILY LIFE
    • Marriage
    • Status of Women
  • MINORITY GROUPS
    • Lapps
    • Swedish-speaking Finns
    • Gypsies
    • Jewish and Muslim Communities
  • RELIGION
    • Role of Religion
    • Lutheran Church of Finland
      • Revivalist Movements Within the Lutheran Church
      • Organization and Duties of the Lutheran Church
    • Orthodox Church of Finland
    • Smaller Registered Churches
  • EDUCATION
    • Primary and Secondary Education
    • Higher Education
    • Adult Education
  • PUBLIC WELFARE
    • Growth of the Social Welfare System
    • Organization of the Welfare System
    • Income Security Programs Classified as Social Insurance
      • National Pension Plan
      • Employee Pension Plans
      • Sickness Insurance
      • Unemployment Insurance
      • Workmen's Compensation
    • Income Security Classified as Welfare
      • Family Aid
      • Welfare Services
      • Child-Care Services
      • Services for the Disabled
      • Services for Substance Abusers
    • Health System
      • Development of the Health System
      • Organization of the Health System
      • Health Problems
  • LIVING CONDITIONS
    • Protection of the Environment
    • Housing
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
    • Economic Development
    • Structure of the Economy
  • ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
    • Macroeconomic Policy
    • Public Finance
  • HUMAN RESOURCES
    • Employment
    • Industrial Relations
  • AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES
    • Agriculture
      • Farms and Farmers
      • Agricultural Policy
      • Farm Production Patterns
    • Forestry
    • Fisheries
  • ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
    • Energy
    • Minerals
  • INDUSTRY
    • Industrial Policy
    • Wood-Processing Industries
    • Metal Industries
      • Basic Metals
      • Machine Building
      • Transport Equipment
      • Electrical Equipment and High Technology
    • Other Industries
  • SERVICES
    • Banking and Finance
    • Transportation and Communications
    • Tourism
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
    • Foreign Trade
    • Finnish Direct Investment Abroad
    • Balance of Payments
    • Regional Economic Integration
      • Ties to West European Markets
      • Finnish-Soviet Cooperation
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
    • Constitutional Development
    • The Constitution
  • GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS
    • Legislature
    • President
    • Council of State
    • Legal System
    • Civil Service
    • Provincial Administration
    • Local Administration
    • Electoral System
    • Aland Islands
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • The Social Democratic Party
    • The Center Party
    • The National Coalition Party
    • The Communist Party of Finland
    • The Swedish People's Party
    • Smaller Parties and the Greens
    • Interest Groups
    • The Presidential Election of 1982 and Koivisto's Presidency
    • The Parliamentary Election of 1983
    • The Parliamentary Election of 1987
    • The Presidential Election of 1988
    • Mass Media
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Neutrality
    • Soviet Union
    • Nordic Europe
    • Western Europe
    • United States
    • United Nations and Third World
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • MILITARY HERITAGE
  • TREATY COMMITMENTS AFFECTING NATIONAL SECURITY
  • GEOSTRATEGIC SITUATION
  • CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL SECURITY
  • THE ARMED FORCES
    • Command Structure
    • Army
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • Conscription and Reserve Duty
    • Training and Education
    • Uniforms and Insignia
    • Conditions of Service
  • DEFENSE SPENDING
  • THE ARMED FORCES IN NATIONAL LIFE
  • UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES
  • SOURCES OF EQUIPMENT
    • Arms Acquisitions from Foreign Suppliers
    • Domestic Arms Production
  • CIVIL DEFENSE
  • PUBLIC ORDER AND SECURITY
    • Police Organization
    • Central Criminal Police
    • Mobile Police
    • Security Police
    • Police Training
    • Frontier Guard
  • CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
    • Principles of Criminal Justice
    • Criminal Courts
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Sentencing and Punishment
    • Drug Enforcement
• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Tables
  • Appendix B. Treaty
• Bibliography
• Glossary