Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Major Economic Indicators, 1986-89

Indicator	1986	1987	1988	1989
Gross National Product1	102.7	128.4	169.2	204.0
Economic growth2	12.9	12.8	12.2	6.5
Per capita income3	2,503.0	3,098.0	4,040.0	4,830.0
Consumer prices4	1.4	6.1	7.2	5.2
Gross savings5	33.1	36.3	37.7	35.8
Trade account6	4.2	7.7	11.4	4.6
Current account6	4.6	9.9	14.2	5.0
Total foreign debt1	44.5	35.6	31.2	30.3
Gross investment share4	29.3	29.4	29.9	33.4

1 In billions of United States dollars.
2 In percentage change.
3 In United States dollars.
4 Annual percentage change.
5 As percentage of gross national product.
6 In billions of United States dollars, balance of payments basis.

Source: Based on information from Korea Economic Institute of America, Korea's Economy, Washington, 1990.

Table 3. Central Government Expenditures, 1984, 1986, and 1987

(in billions of won)*
Expenditure	1984		1986		1987
	Amount	Percentage	Amount	Percentage	Amount	Percentage
National defense	3,539.9	28.2	4,335.5	28.3	4,793.5	26.1
General	6,822.1	54.4	8,577.0	56.0	10,009.0	54.5
Fixed capital formation	949.6	7.6	1,284.4	8.4	1,391.5	7.6
Net lending	-2.4	---	9.5	---	0.5	---
Other	1,225.1	9.8	1,113.7	7.3	2,170.7	11.8
TOTAL	12,534.3	100.0	15,320.1	100.0	18,365.2	100.0

---means negigible.
*For value of the won--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Bank of Korea, Annual Report, 1987, Seoul, 1987, 68; and The Europa World Year Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.

Table 4. Central Government Revenues, 1984, 1986, and 1988

(in billions of won)*
Source	1984	1986	1988
Internal taxes	6,697.4	8,464.0	12,545.1
Customs duties	1,593.7	1,942.5	2,573.3
Defense surtax	1,511.3	1,878.9	2,978.4
Education surtax	284.8	372.4	512.3
Monopoly profits	866.0	984.0	874.0
Government enterprise receipts (net)	232.3	238.3	340.8
Other	2,012.0	2,398.5	4,185.4
TOTAL	13,197.5	16,278.6	24,009.3

*For value of the won--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Bank of Korea, Annual Report 1987, Seoul, 1987, 68; and The Europa World Year Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.

Table 5. Balance of Payments, Selected Years, 1965-88

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Year	Current Account Balance	Trade Account Balance	Year	Current Account Balance	Trade Account Balance
1965	9	- 240	1985	-887	-19
1970	-623	- 922	1986	4,617	4,206
1975	1,887	- 1,671	1987	9,854	7,659
1980	-5,321	- 4,384	1988	14,266	11,561

Table 6. Trade with the United States, 1982-89

(in billions of United States dollars)

	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989
Exports	6.28	8.26	10.52	10.78	13.92	18.38	21.47	20.64
Imports	5.95	6.27	6.87	6.55	6.54	8.76	12.75	15.91
Trade balance*	0.32	1.98	3.65	4.23	7.37	9.62	8.71	4.73

*Figures may not add because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from United States Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the United States: Korea, Washington, June 1989; United States, Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the United States: Korea, Washington, April 1990; and Korea Economic Institute of America, Korea Economic Update, 1, No.2, Summer 1990, 4.

Table 7. Principal Trading Partners, 1986 and 1988

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
1986 Exports		1986 Imports
Country by Rank	Volume	Country by Rank	Volume
United States	13,880	Japan	10,869
Japan	5,426	United States	6,545
Hong Kong	1,691	West Germany	1,216
Canada	1,248	Australia	1,080
West Germany	1,242	Malaysia	902
Britain	1,034	Canada	709
Saudi Arabia	855	France	706
France	543	Saudi Arabia	635
Australia	535	Britain	454
Singapore	532	Oman	440
1988 Exports	1988 Imports
Country by Rank	Volume	Country by Rank	Volume
United States	21,404,087	Japan	15,975,786
Japan	12,004,068	United States	12,756,657
Hong Kong	3,560,944	West Germany	2,073,987
West Germany	2,367,803	Australia	1,797,390
Britain	1,950,899	Malaysia	1,331,354
Canada	1,692,327	Canada	1,196,816
Singapore	1,355,260	France	1,134,851
Saudi Arabia	1,130,309	Taiwan	1,071,264
France	1,064,886	Britain	914,503
Australia	864,821	Indonesia	905,297

Source: Based on information from Korea Trade Promotion Corporation, How to Trade with Korea: 1987--A Practical Guide to Trade and Investment, Seoul, 1987, 20-26; and The Europa World Year Book,1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.

Table 8. Constitutional Amendments, 1948-90

Date	Description
July 4, 1954 (First Republic)	To amend 1948 constitution to allow direct popular election of president rather than election by National Assembly, in which President Syngman Rhee's Liberal Party lacked a stable majority. Passed in late- night National Assembly session under martial law with some opposition members under arrest and others forcibly assembled to form quorum.
November 27, 1954	To eliminate limits on presidential terms in office to permit incumbent president (Rhee) indefinite tenure. Bill carried (after two earlier failures) by fraudulent rounding of fractional number required for two-thirds majority.
June 15, 1960 (Second Republic)	To replace presidential system with parliamentary form of government following overthrow of President Rhee. Provided extensive civil rights and established Central Election Management Committee.
November 23, 1960	To allow ex post facto legislation for punishment of rigging of March 1960 presidential elections and other actions by officials under former Rhee government.
December 17, 1962 (Third Republic)	To reestablish presidential form of government in civilian form for military leaders under Park Chung Hee, who staged coup d'etat in May 1961.
October 17, 1969	To remove two-term restriction to permit President Park indefinite tenure.
November 21, 1972 (Fourth Republic--yusin constitution)	To increase executive power by permitting broad use of presidential emergency measures, to undercut power of National Assembly, and to restrict many civil rights. Ratified by referendum under martial law.
October 22, 1980 (Fifth Republic)	To end yusin political order and provide new constitutional framework for military leaders under Chun Doo Hwan, who staged coup d'etat in May 1980. Restored some civil rights, which were qualified by accompanying legislation. Ratified by referendum under martial law; coupled with measures barring all major civilian politicians from political participation.
October 28, 1987 (Sixth Republic)	To void Fifth Republic constitution and provide for direct popular election of president; coupled with measures restoring rights of political participation to all politicians barred in 1980. Drafted by joint committee of ruling and opposition party representatives following public pledges by ruling party presidential candidate Roh Tae Woo in June 1987. Restored stronger civil rights provisions of 1960 and 1962 constitutions.

Source: Based on information from Korea Annual, 1988, Seoul, 1989, 91-94; John Kie-Chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on Trial, Ithaca, 1968, 43, 48; and Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1987.

Table 9. Status of the National Assembly under the 1987 Constitution

Area of Power	Provision
Symbolic	Text concerning National Assembly precedes text concerning executive.
National Assembly and State Council	National Assembly member apprehended or detained prior to opening of session must be released during session on request of National Assembly (except in cases of flagrante delicto).
	Requires one-quarter of membership to convene extraordinary session (versus one-third in 1980 constitution).
	Deletes provision limiting business in presidentially called extraordinary session to bills introduced by president.
	Deletes 150-day limit on assembly sessions.
	Deletes reference to dissolution of assembly.
	Extends power of inspection or investigation of specific matters of state affairs to include matters under criminal investigation or trial.
	Deletes provision disallowing motion for removal of prime minister or State Council member(s) within first year after appointment.
	Deletes provision for removal of entire State Council if prime minister is removed.
Judicial appointments	Requires consent of National Assembly for all appointments to Supreme Court (not just chief justice).
Presidency	Vote by majority of National Assembly breaks tie in presidential elections.
	Requires convocation of National Assembly if there is time, prior to emergency measures or presidential orders having legal effect. Failure to obtain National Assembly approval voids emergency measures and restores effect of previous laws.

Source: Based on information from Republic of Korea, Ministry of Culture and Information, Korean Overseas Information Service, Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1980; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of Culture and Information, Korean Overseas Information Service, Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1987.

Table 10. Executive Domination of the Judiciary, 1972-86

Year	Developments
1972	President Park Chung Hee dismisses nine Supreme Court justices who had overturned a law denying relatives of war veterans right to claim compensation from state. Park's 1972 yusin constitution rescinds Supreme Court's power to review constitutionality of laws.
1980	Six Supreme Court justices are interrogated by security agency and subsequently forced to step down for their minority views that Kim Chae-gyu, President Park's assassin, had not conspired to overthrow government.
Early 1980s	A number of law students are blacklisted from enrolling in Judicial Training and Research Institute after demonstrating against 1980 Chun Doo Hwan coup d'etat.
1985	Two Seoul District Court judges are punitively reassigned to provincial posts after acquitting accused student demonstrators. A third judge is transferred after protesting the reassignment.
	Supreme Court reverses its earlier decision in appeal case of Kang Chong-gon, a National Security Act offender under continued detention after his original sentence had expired.
1986	Justice Yi Il-kyu is denied reappointment to Supreme Court. Among his independent decisions are a 1963 determination that voided coerced confession made by suspect on spying charges and questioning jurisdiction of 1980 military court in 1985 appeal by lawyer linked with opposition figure Kim Dae Jung.

Table 11. National Assembly Election Returns, February 1985


Party	Number of Seats
Direct	Proportional	Percentage of Vote	Percentage of Seats
Democratic Justice Party	87	61	35.3	53.6
New Korea Democratic Party	50	17	29.2	24.3
Democratic Korea Party	26	9	19.5	12.7
Korea Nationalist Party	15	5	9.2	7.2
Other and independents*	6	0	6.8	2.2
Total	184	92	100.0	100.0

*Most independents subsequently joined one of the four major parties.

Source: Based on information from Byung Chul Koh, "The 1985 Parliamentary Election in South Korea," Asian Survey, 25, No. 9, September 1985, 883-97.

Table 12. National Assembly Election Returns, April 1988

Party	Number of Seats	Direct	Proportional	Percentage of Vote
Democratic Justice Party	87	38	34.0	41.8
Party for Peace and Democracy	54	16	19.3	23.4
Reunification Democratic Party	46	13	23.8	19.7
New Democratic Republican Party	27	8	15.6	11.7
Other and independents1	10	0	7.2	3.3
Total2	224	75	100.0	100.0

1 Most independents subsequently joined one of the four major parties.
2 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from Chan Wook Park, ""The 1988 National Assembly Election in South Korea: The Ruling Party's Loss of Legislative Majority,"" Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 7, No. 3, Fall 1988, 65.

Table 13. Strikes and Labor Disputes, 1987-90

Year	Number of Events	Comments
1987	3,749	70.1 percent over pay.
1988	1,873	Average duration 10 days; 51.6 percent over pay, 16.9 percent over the right to bargain collectively, 7.1 percent over working conditions, 5.9 percent over dismissal, 3 percent over employers' unfair acts.
1989*	1,678	Average duration 17.8 days, 47.6 percent over pay, 25.5 percent over collective bargaining; 69 percent of events ruled illegal under Labor Dispute Adjustment Law.

*January through October.

Table 14. Principal Radical Organizations, 1988-89


Date Established	Organization
April 17, 1985	National Federation of Student Associations (Chonhangnyon). Action wing is Struggle Committee for the Liberation of the Masses, the Attainment of Democracy, and the Unification of the Nation (Sammint'u). Both outlawed as ""anti-state organizations"" under National Security Act and suppressed in 1986.
March 21, 1986	Struggle Committee Against Imperialism, the Military, and Fascism, and for the Nation and Democracy (Mimmint'u) inaugurated at thirty-eight universities. Mimmint'u ideology emphasizes political linkages and cooperation among students, workers, and farmers.
April 11, 1986	Committee for the Anti-U.S. Struggle for Independence and the Anti-Fascist Struggle for Democracy (Chamint'u) formed at Seoul National University and Korea University. Chamint'u ideology emphasizes struggle and direct action against the government and the United States presence in South Korea.
May 1987	Seoul Area Council of University Student Representatives (Sodaehyop). Combines Chamint'u and Mimmint'u elements.
August 19, 1987	National Association of University Student Councils (Chondaehyop) established in Taejon. Replaced and enlarged Sodaehyop.
May 1988	Seoul Area Federation of Student Councils (Soch'ongnyon).

Source: Based on information from Wonmo Dong, "University Students in South Korean Politics: Patterns of Radicalization in the 1980s," Journal of International Affairs [Seoul], 40, No. 2, Winter-Spring 1987, 233-55; and "Monthly Views Two Dissident Groups' Interactions," Sin tonga [Seoul], March 1, 1989, 268-85, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: East Asia, April 7, 1989, 26-38.

Table 15. Media Statistics, 1986, 1988, and 1989

Media	1986	1988	1989
National newspapers1	8	9	18
Local newspapers1	10	10	24
News agencies	2	2	2
National radio stations2	3	3	3
Affiliated local (rebroadcast) stations	47	49	48
Television stations	2	2	2
Foreign press representatives	40	50	50
Periodicals3	2,500	n.a.	3,500

n.a.--not available.
1Newspapers are Korean-language dailies, excluding sports newspapers.
2Excluding Far Eastern Broadcasting Company.
3Estimated.

Table 16. Orders of Battle and Major Equipment for Ground Forces of South Korea and North Korea, 1990

Category	South Korea	North Korea
Active-duty personnel	575,0001	930,000
Military units	3 army headquarters	16 corps headquarters
	10 corps headquarters2	31 infantry divisions2
	2 mechanized infantry divisions2	15 armored brigades2
	21 infantry divisions2	24 infantry brigades2
	7 special forces brigades	25 special forces brigades
	8 independent infantry brigades	armor	infantry	marine	---
	1 aviation brigade	---
	2 surface-to-surface missile battalions	surface-to-surface missile battalions3
Equipment	1,560 tanks	3,500 tanks
	1,550 armored personnel carriers	1,960 armored personnel carriers
	4,200 field artillery pieces	7,800 field artillery pieces
	140 multiple rocket launchers	2,500 multiple rocker launchers
	5,300 mortars	11,000 mortars
	12 surface-to-surface missiles	70 surface-to-surface missiles

---means negligible.
1 Includes 25,000 marines.
2 Includes subordinate armor and artillery units.
3 Number of units unknown.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989- 1990, London, 1989, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul, 138-40.

Table 17. Order of Battle and Major Equipment for Air Forces of South Korea and North Korea, 1990

Category	South Korea	North Korea
Personnel	40,000	70,000
Military units1	22 ground attack	interceptor squadrons	3 bomber regiments
	1 reconnaissance squadron	18 ground attack regiments
	1 search-and-rescue squadron	surface-to-surface missile battalions2	4 transport squadrons	6+ transport regiments	2 defense artillery divisons
	5 surface-to-surface missile battalions	7 air defense regiments
	2 air defense artillery brigades
	1 counterinsurgency squadron
Equipment
Fighter aircraft	90 F-5A	B	40 J-7
	36 F-16C	D	160 J-6
	204 F-5E	F	100 J-5
	130 F-4	40 Q- 5
	20 RF-4	5	10 Su-25
	23 A-37	24 MiG- 29
		46 MiG- 23
		120 MiG- 21
		300 MiG- 17
		20 Su- 7
Bombers	0	80 H- 5
Antisubmarine aircraft	251	0
Transport	37	280
Helicopters	4003	142

1 Data on transportation, helicopter, and training units not available.
2 Number of units unknown.
3 In army and naval aviation units. The army, navy, and air force have an additional 263 support aircraft, including helicopters, trainers, and transports.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989- 1990, London, 1989, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul, 1990, 138, 141.

Table 18. Orders of Battle and Major Equipment for Naval Forces of South Korea and North Korea, 1990

Category	South Korea	North Korea
Personnel	35,000	40,000
Military units	3 fleet commands	East Coast Fleet
	1 aviation command	West Coast Fleet
	1 amphibious command
	1 logistics command
	1 mine-warfare command
	1 training command
Equipment	3 minisubmarines	24 submarines
	11 destroyers	2 frigates
	17 frigates	4 corvettes
	11 missile-attack craft	29 missile-attack craft
	68 patrol boats	330 patrol boats
	9 minesweepers	40 minesweepers
	52 amphibious craft	125 amphibious craft
	10 Grumman S-2 aircraft
	35 Hughes 500-MD helicopters

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989- 1990, 1989, London, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul, 1990, 141.

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