Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Population and Annual Growth Rates, Census Years 1911-80

Census Year	Population	Years Covered	Average Annual Growth Rate (in percentage)
1911	336,742	n.a.	n.a.
1920	446,098	1911-20	3.17
1930	467,459	1920-30	0.47
1940	622,576	1930-40	2.76
1950	805,285	1940-50	2.56
1960	1,075,541	1950-60	2.94
1970	1,428,082	1960-70	3.06
1980	1,831,399	1970-80	2.52

n.a.--not applicable.

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 38-39.

Table 3. Annual Population Growth Rates, by Province, 1970-80

Province	Annual Growth Rate (in percentage)
Bocas del Toro	3.07
Coclé	1.78
Colón	2.11
Chiriquí	2.37
Darién	2.17
Herrera	1.74
Los Santos	0.48
Panamß	3.49
Veraguas	1.63

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Estadística Panameña, No. 970, Panama City, March 1985, 6-7.

Table 4. Indigenous Population, by Province or Territory, 19801

Province or Territory	Total	Indigenous Population	Percent Indigenous
Bocas del Toro .	53,487	17,468	33.00
Chiriquí	287,350	30,862	11.00
Comarca de San Blas .	28,621	27,588	96.00
Darién	26,524	8,924	34.00
Panamß	831,048	2,294	0.30
Veraguas	173,245	5,955	3.00
PANAMA2	1,831,399	93,091	5.00

1 Provinces of Colón, Coclé, Los Santos, and Herrera do not contain significant numbers of Indians, and statistics were not available for those provinces.
2 Total is for all nine provinces and the Comarca de San Blas.

Source:Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 48-49.

Table 5. Illiteracy Rates for Population over Ten Years of Age, by Sex, 1970 and 1980

	1970	1980
Male	101,931	84,515
Female	101,351	89,610
TOTAL	203,282	174,125
Percentage of Total Population	21	13

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 252.

Table 6. Educational Enrollment, Selected Years, 1950-83

	1950	1960	1970	1975	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983
Preprimary	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	18,677	18,136	22,616	24,656	25,8 43	25,843
Primary.	110,059	161,800	255,287	325,394	373,823	337,522	335,239	336,740	335,950
Secondary1	17,519	38,964	78,466	125,745	137,816	171,273	174,078	174,791	176,916
Postsecondary	1,519	4,030	8,159	22,581	38,865	41,311	43,964	47,592	47,131
Other2	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	13,085	14,458	9,905	12,611	8,653
TOTAL	129,097	204,794	341,912	473,720	582,266	582,700	585,802	596,390	594,493

n.a.--not available.
1 Includes both technical and academic programs.
2 Includes special education and vocational courses of less than three years.

Sources:Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1973-1977, Panama City, November 1978, 176-80; and Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 261-62.

Table 7. Education Budgets, 1979-84

	Ministry of Education		University of Panama
	Amount of Total Budget*	Percentage	Amount of Total Budget*	Percentage
1979	85,037	18.4	16,681	3.6
1980	110,913	15.3	17,332	2.4
1981	120,153	15.2	21,455	2.7
1982	133,862	12.1	22,801	2.1
1983	145,927	12.7	26,665	2.3
1984	217,840	18.3	32,294	2.7

*In thousands of balboas; for value of the balboa--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 266.

Table 8. Government Spending for Education, by Level of Instruction, 1979-83

(in thousands of balboas)*
	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983
Primary	63,441	74,254	70,760	68,502	74,605
Secondary	32,177	33,644	37,441	47,161	48,525
University	19,769	24,316	31,897	41,105	43,442
Adult education	866	126	1,523	1,161	845
Other	39,394	49,773	53,412	56,238	61,708
TOTAL	155,647	182,113	195,033	214,167	229,125

*For value of the balboa--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 268.

Table 9. Schools, Classrooms, and Teachers, Selected Years, 1950-83

Year	Primary	Secondary	Postsecond ary
1950
Schools	950	78	1
Classrooms	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Teachers	3,415	959	n.a.
1960
Schools	1,298	127	2
Classrooms	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Teachers	5,309	1,704	191
1970
Schools	1,784	192	2
Classrooms	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Teachers	1,784	3,784	448
1975
Schools	2,171	209	2
Classrooms	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Teachers	10,685	5,670	869
1980
Schools	2,306	301	2
Classrooms	11,280	3,763	318
Teachers	12,361	8,138	1,310
1981
Schools	2,316	307	2
Classrooms	11,508	3,947	370
Year	Primary	Secondary	Postsecondary
Teachers	12,393	8,610	1,586
1982
Schools	2,347	313	3
Classrooms	11,726	3,973	451
Teachers	12,853	8,928	1,705
1983
Schools	2,376	321	3
Classrooms	11,289	4,011	506
Teachers	12,613	9,249	1,766

n.a.--not available

Sources: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1973-1977, Panama City, November 1978, 176-80; and Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 256-59.

Table 10. Life Expectancy at Birth, by Sex, 1965 and 1985

	1965	1985
Male	62	69
Female	64	73

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 76; and World Bank, World Development Report 1986, New York, 1986, 233.

Table 11. Medical Facilities, by Location, 1983

	Hospitals	Medical Centers	Local Clinics
Cities
Panama City	12	20	n.a.
Colón	2	5	n.a.
Provinces
Bocas del Toro	3	4	56
Chiriquí	6	31	98
Coclé	3	17	46
Colón	3	17	47
Darién	3	5	32
Herrera	5	11	23
Los Santos	4	11	14
Panamß	16	53	63
Veraguas	3	17	51
Indigenous Territory
Comarca de San Blas	4	4	13

n.a.--not available

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census. Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 221.

Table 12. Medical Personnel and Facilities, per 10,000 Inhabitants, by Location, 1983

	Hospital Beds	Doctors	Nurses
Cities
Panama City	91	21.8	28.1
Colón	48	12.5	15.4
Provinces
Bocas del Toro	31	4.1	6.5
Chiriquí	25	6.1	5.9
Coclé	24	4.4	4.1
Colón	24	8.2	8.3
Darién	25	3.6	3.2
Herrera	42	5.6	5.6
Los Santos	67	6.1	6.1
Panamß	45	13.9	14.4
Veraguas	17	2.6	3.2
Indigenous Territory
Comarca de San Blas	22	2.3	1.1
PANAMA	36	9.0	9.4

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 223-26.

Table 13. Birth and Death Rates, 1979-83

**per 1,000 Inhabitants**
	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983
Live Births
Urban	26.1	25.5	25.1	25.9	25.7
Rural	30.2	28.9	28.9	27.4	26.6
Panama	28.2	27.2	27.0	26.7	26.2
Mortality
All deaths
Urban	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.2	4.4
Rural	4.5	4.2	3.9	3.7	3.8
Panama	4.4	4.2	4.0	4.0	4.1
Infant*
Urban	21.5	19.4	19.7	17.1	18.8
Rural	27.7	23.9	24.7	22.6	22.1
Panama	24.6	21.7	22.2	19.9	20.5
Maternal
Urban	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.2
Rural	1.0	1.1	0.8	1.2	1.0
Panama	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.9	0.6

* Aged less than one year.

Source: Based on information from Panama, Directorate of Statistics and Census, Panamß en Cifras: Años 1979-1983, Panama City, November 1984, 61.

Table 14. Central Government Budgets, 1981-85

**(in millions of balboas)**
	1981	1982	1983	1984	19852
Consolidated public sector
Revenues	1,169.0	1,264.5	1,385.5	1,424.6	1,531.8
Expenditures	1,383.7	1,726.5	1,650.2	1,699.0	1,654.8
Balance	-214.7	-462.0	-264.7	-274.4	-123.0
Unconsolidated public-sector
balance3	6.6	-2.0	17.4	8.0	12.0
Total public-sector borrowing requirement	208.1	464.0	247.3	266.4	121.0
As percentage of GDP4	5.4	10.8	5.7	5.8	2.5

1 For value of the balboa--see Glossary.
2 Estimate.
3 To which no transfers are made.
4 GDP--gross domestic product--see Glossary.

Source: Based on unpublished data provided by Controloría General de la República de Panamß, 1987.

Table 15. Distribution of Labor Force by Sector, Selected Years, 1965-85

**(in percentage)**
Sector	1965	1973	1980	198 5
Agriculture	46.3	38.6	31.8	26.5
Industry	15.8	17.8	18.1	16.1
Services	37.9	43.6	50.1	57.4
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Based on unpublished data provided by Controloría General de la República de Panamß, 1987.

Table 16. External Trade, 1980-85

**(in millions of United States dollars at current prices)**
	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	19851
Exports
Bananas	61.6	69.2	66.0	75.0	74.7	78.1
Petroleum	233.3	209.1	166.6	131.2	134.4	100.6
Shrimp	43.7	42.7	52.9	51.4	46.7	53.4
Sugar	65.8	52.6	23.7	41.3	42.6	33.3
Manufactures.	31.5	31.4	38.7	29.3	34.5	45.0
Other	90.2	88.9	140.9	109.9	94.0	104.1
Total exports f.o.b.2	526.1	493.9	488.8	438.1	426.9	414.5
Imports
Food	123.0	115.4	124.1	130.0	127.8	142.6
POL3 and other energy sources	424.4	426.1	408.6	384.0	350.2	271.8
Other consumer goods	162.5	195.0	203.2	196.5	206.9	197.8
Other intermediate goods	373.4	413.6	404.5	360.6	392.8	439.7
Capital goods	258.7	319.8	355.6	280.8	264.4	288.2
Total imports c.i.f.	1,342.0	1,469.9	1,496.0	1,351.9	1,342.1	1,340.1

1 Preliminary.
2 f.o.b--free on board.
3 POL--Petroleum, oil and lubricants.
4 c.i.f--Cost, insurance and freight.

Source: Based on unpublished data provided by the Controloría General de la República de Panamß, 1987.

Table 17. Balance of Payments, 1980-85

**(in millions of United States dollars at current prices)**
	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985*
Exports of goods and non-factor services(NFS) and NFS	1,644.6	1,734.3	1,769.3	1,774.4	1,742.4	1,819.6
Imports of goods	-1,697.6	-1,854.6	-1,870.5	-1,697.0	-1,679.7	- 1,705.3
Resource balance	-53.0	-120.3	-101.2	77.4	62.7	114.3
Net factor income	-283.0	-271.2	-349.8	-324.2	-375.8	-370.2
Net current transfers	14.4	31.2	45.6	44.3	89.6	83.3
CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE	-321.6	-360.3	-405.4	-202.5	-223.5	- 172.6
Capital
Long-term capital inflow	131.6	402.0	492.1	386.0	250.4	130.6
Total other items (net).	186.1	-5.1	-85.4	-95.4	1.7	-24.9
Net short-term capital	-90.4	37.7	-125.8	-177.5	-80.3	-229.1
CAPITAL ACCOUNT BALANCE	227.3	434.6	280.9	113.1	171.8	-123.4
Net errors and omissions	-276.5	42.8	-40.4	-82.1	-67.6	-136.4
Change in net reserves	3.9	-36.6	-1.3	-88.1	-14.2	134.7

*Preliminary.

Source: Based on unpublished data provided by Controloría General de la República de Panamß, 1987.

Table 18. External Capital and Debt, 1980-85

**(in millions of United States dollars at current prices)**
	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	19851
Public and publicly guaranteed external debt	2,283.4	2,441.3	2,926.7	3,146.5	3,229.7	3,275.6
Official creditors	581.2	682.2	830.5	1,006.0	1,078.9	1,144.3
Multilateral	327.5	358.8	432.3	558.3	660.4	741.0
Bilateral	253.7	323.4	398.2	447.7	418.5	403.3
Private creditors	1,702.2	1,759.1	2,096.2	2,140.5	2,150.8	2,131.3
Suppliers	35.7	29.2	29.1	27.1	50.1	42.5
Financial markets	1,666.5	1,729.9	2,067.1	2,113.4	2,100.7	2,088.8
IMF credit2	23.1	93.6	84.0	192.8	271.1	311.2
TOTAL EXTERNAL DEBT.	2,306.5	2,534.9	3,010.7	3,339.3	3,500.8	3,586.8
Percentage of total long-term debt on concessional terms	12.2	12.8	11.8	11.5	11.7	12.1
(with variable interest rates)	52.2	51.1	55.9	57.0	57.7	59.5

1 Estimate.
2 IMF--International Monetary Fund.

Source: Based on unpublished data provided by Controloría General de la República de Panamß, 1987.

Table 19. United States Military Aid and Sales to Panama, Fiscal Years 1980-86

**(in thousands of United States dollars)**
Fiscal Year	FMS Deliveries 1	Commercial Arms Sales	MAP 2	IMETP 3
1980	187	29,241	3	270
1981	154	752	n.a.	328
1982	360	1,000	1	359
1983	481	1,504	n.a.	466
1984	546	1,800	n.a.	453
1985	2,124	594	n.a.	575
1986	12,488	560	n.a.	507

n.a.--not available.
1 FMS--Foreign Military Sales.
2 MAP--Military Assistance Program.
3 IMETP--International Military Education and Training Program.

Source: Based on information from United States, Department of Defense, Security Assistance Agency, Foreign Military Sales, Foreign Military Construction Sales, and Military Assistance Facts, Washington, 1986.