AUSTRIA - A Country Study

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• AUSTRIA
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• COUNTRY PROFILE
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • THE ALPINE-DANUBIAN REGION BEFORE THE HABSBURG DYNASTY
    • The Celtic and Roman Eras
    • The Early Medieval Era
    • The Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Austria
  • RISE OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE
    • The Habsburg Dynasty in the Late Medieval Era
    • Territorial Expansion, Division, and Consolidation
    • The Protestant Reformation in the Habsburg Lands
    • The Turkish Threat
  • THE COUNTER-REFORMATION AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
    • Division and Rebellion
    • The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48
    • The Peace of Westphalia
  • THE BAROQUE ERA
    • Political and Religious Consolidation under Leopold
    • The Turkish Wars and the Siege of Vienna
    • The War of the Spanish Succession
    • The Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-48
  • THE REFORMS OF MARIA THERESA AND JOSEPH II
    • Baroque Absolutism and Enlightened Despotism
    • The Strategic Impact of the Reform Era
  • THE HABSBURG EMPIRE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
    • The Napoleonic Wars
    • The Congress of Vienna
  • AUSTRIA IN THE AGE OF METTERNICH
    • International Developments, 1815-48
    • Domestic Policies
  • THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 AND NEOABSOLUTISM
    • Revolutionary Rise and Fall
    • The Failure of Neoabsolutism
    • Loss of Leadership in Germany
  • AUSTRIA-HUNGARY TO THE EARLY 1900S
    • The Founding of the Dual Monarchy
    • Final Defeat in Germany and Reconciliation with Prussia
    • The Eastern Question
    • Internal Developments in Austria
  • THE FINAL YEARS OF THE EMPIRE AND WORLD WAR I
    • The Crisis over Bosnia and Hercegovina
    • World War I
    • The End of the Habsburg Empire and the Birth of the Austrian Republic
  • THE FIRST REPUBLIC
    • Overview of the Political Camps
    • The Foundation of the First Republic
    • Political Life of the 1920s and Early 1930s
    • The End of Constitutional Rule
    • Growing German Pressure on Austria
  • THE ANSCHLUSS AND WORLD WAR II
    • Absorption of Austria into the Third Reich
    • Nazi Economic and Social Policies
    • Repression and Compliance
    • World War II and the Defeat of Nazi Germany
  • RESTORED INDEPENDENCE UNDER ALLIED OCCUPATION
    • Foundation of the Second Republic
    • Four-Power Occupation and Recognition of the Provisional Government
    • The 1945 Election and Consolidation of the Austrian Government
    • Consolidation of Democracy
    • Austria's Integration with the West
    • The 1955 State Treaty and Austrian Neutrality
  • THE GRAND COALITION AND THE AUSTRIAN PEOPLE'S PARTY CODA, 1955-70
    • Foreign Policy in the Late 1950s and 1960s
    • Elections and Parties
    • Domestic Tranquillity under the Grand Coalition
  • THE KREISKY YEARS, 1970-83
    • Electoral Politics in the Kreisky Era
    • Domestic Issues
    • Foreign Policy
    • End of the Kreisky Era
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
    • Landform Regions
    • Human Geography
    • Climate
    • Ecological Concerns
  • AUSTRIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY
  • DEMOGRAPHY
    • Demographic Development
    • Immigration
    • Emigration
  • SOCIAL MINORITIES
    • Official Minority Groups
    • Other Minorities
      • Gypsies
      • Jews
      • Foreign Workers
    • Attitudes Toward Minorities
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE
  • FAMILY LIFE
    • Family Developments after the 1960s
    • Status of Women
  • RELIGION
  • EDUCATION
  • SOCIAL SECURITY
    • Employment, Unemployment, and Pension Benefits
    • Health and Health Insurance
    • Family Benefits
  • HOUSING
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GOVERNMENT POLICY
    • Historical Background
    • Developments During the 1970s and 1980s
    • The New Policies
    • The Magic Pentagon
    • The Subsidy Policy
    • Foreign Workers in Austria
  • PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUPS
    • The Chambers of Commerce
    • The Chambers of Agriculture
    • The Chambers of Labor
    • The Professions
    • The Austrian Trade Union Federation
    • Works Councils
    • The Federation of Austrian Industrialists
  • SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP
  • STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
    • The Agricultural Sector
      • The Government Role
      • The Structure of Agriculture
    • The Industrial Sector
      • Industry
      • Efforts to Improve Competitiveness
      • Mining and Minerals
    • Energy
    • The Services Sector
      • Retail Trade
      • Transportation and Telecommunications
      • Tourism
      • Money and Banking
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
    • Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
    • Austria and European Integration
    • Openings Toward the East
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
    • The Federal President
    • Chancellor and Cabinet
    • Nationalrat
    • Bundesrat
    • Bundesversammlung
    • Judicial System
      • The Constitutional Court
      • The Administrative Court
      • Ordinary Courts
      • Special Courts
      • The People's Attorney
      • Legal Training
    • Civil Service
    • Provincial Government
    • Local Government
    • Electoral System
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
    • The Social Democratic Party of Austria
    • The Austrian People's Party
    • The Freedom Party of Austria
    • The Green Parties
    • Political Developments since 1983
      • SPÖ-FPÖ Coalition, 1983-86
      • Election of Kurt Waldheim as President
      • The National Election of 1986 and the Grand Coalition of 1987-90
      • The Parliamentary Election of 1990
      • Events of 1991-93
  • MASS MEDIA
    • Newspapers and Periodicals
    • Radio and Television
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
    • Foreign Policy During the Kreisky Era
    • New Focus on Europe
    • Regional Issues
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
    • The Habsburg Military
    • Two World Wars: 1914-18 and 1939-45
  • STRATEGIC CONCEPTS AND MISSIONS OF THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES
  • NEUTRALITY AND THE ARMED FORCES
  • NATIONAL DEFENSE
    • Army
    • Personnel, Conscription, Training, and Reserves
    • Army Equipment
    • Air Force
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • Military Justice
    • The Defense Budget
    • Domestic and Foreign Sources of Military Equipment
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Penal Codes
    • Criminal Court Proceedings
    • Police
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Penal System
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary